In my previous post I mentioned I would mention more about Hepatitis in a next post so I have done a little research…
What is Hepatitis A?Hepatitis A (abbreviated HAV) is a liver disease caused by hepatitis A virus which is an enterovirus transmitted by the oro-fecal route, such as contaminated food. Most people think it is curable with antibiotics but it is not since it is a virus. It causes an acute inflammation of the liver, does not have a chronic stage, and will not cause any permanent damage to the liver. The patient's immune system makes antibodies against Hepatitis A that confer immunity against future infection. A vaccine is available that will prevent infection from hepatitis A for life and thank god both Mark and myself have had this injection (me 5 years ago before one of my numerous trips to Seychelles and Mark in July as I insisted he should have it done not knowing the sanitation conditions in the orphanage!).
How is hepatitis A transmitted?Hepatitis A virus is spread from person to person by putting something in the mouth that has been contaminated with the stool of a person with hepatitis A. This type of transmission is called "fecal-oral." For this reason, the virus is more easily spread in areas where there are poor sanitary conditions or where good personal hygiene is not observed. However most infections result from contact with a household member or sex partner who has hepatitis A. Casual contact, as in the usual office, factory, or school setting, does not spread the virus
What are the symptoms?People with hepatitis A virus infection may not have any signs or symptoms of the disease. Older people are more likely to have symptoms than children. If symptoms are present, they usually occur abruptly and may include:
Jaundice (showing up first as yellow eyes)
Dark urine
Nausea
Fever
Fatigue
Abdominal discomfort
Loss of appetite
Stomach ache
Vomiting
Few people are ill for as long as 6 months. The average incubation period for hepatitis A is 28 days (range: 15–50 days).
Interestingly enough only 3 out of 4 people with hepatitis A have symptoms, that would explain why my Mother-in-law was so sick with it and why one of my friend and co-blogger wasn’t even aware she contracted it until she had a blood test!
What are the treatments available?There is no specific treatment for hepatitis A. Rest is recommended during the acute phase of the disease when the symptoms are most severe. People with acute hepatitis should avoid alcohol and any substances that are toxic to the liver, including acetaminophen (Tylenol). Fatty foods may cause vomiting, because secretions from the liver are needed to digest fats. Fatty foods are best avoided during the acute phase.
What to expect / prognosis?Over 85% of people with hepatitis A recover within 3 months, and over 99% of people recover by 6 months.
The fatality rate is estimated at 0.1%, usually among the elderly and patients with chronic liver disease.
Hepatitis A infection does not become a chronic.
What complications can occur? There are usually no complications. One in a thousand cases become fulminant hepatitis, which can be life threatening.
If one had hepatitis A in the past, can one get it again?
No. Once recovered from hepatitis A one develops antibodies that provide life-long protection from future infections. After recovering from hepatitis A, one will never get it again and one cannot transmit the virus to others.
How does one know if one suffers from hepatitis A?A blood test (IgM anti-HAV) is needed to diagnose hepatitis A.
How to Prevent Hepatitis A?Hepatitis A can be prevented by good hygiene and sanitation. Vaccination is also available, and is recommended in areas where the prevalence of hepatitis A is high.
Ways to prevent hepatitis A include the following:
Wash hands with soap and warm water before preparing or eating food, after using the bathroom, changing a diaper and after sexual activity.
Keep bathrooms clean and disinfected after every use.
Cook shellfish thoroughly before eating.
Drink water from approved sources only.
There are two products used to prevent hepatitis A virus infection: immune globulin and hepatitis A vaccine. Immuno globulin is sort of out dated…I had one done in 1989 whilst working in a hospital…not a nice injection and it had to be completed 5 years ago as my IgM’s were not high enough! Immune globulin is a preparation of antibodies that can be given before exposure for short-term protection against hepatitis A and for persons who have already been exposed to hepatitis A virus. Immune globulin must be given within 2 weeks after exposure to hepatitis A virus for maximum protection.
The vaccine is recommended (before exposure to hepatitis A virus) for people who are more likely to get hepatitis A virus infection or are more likely to get seriously ill if they do get hepatitis A. The vaccines currently licensed in Europe and the United States are HAVRIX® (manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline)
How do you kill hepatitis A virus (HAV)?HAV can live outside the body for months, depending on the environmental conditions. HAV is killed by heating to 185 degrees F. (85 degrees C.) for one minute. However, HAV can still be spread from cooked food if it gets contaminated after cooking. Adequate chlorination of water, as recommended in the US, kills HAV that may get into the water supply.
Can I get viral hepatitis from an animal? No. Hepatitis viruses are not zoonotic meaning that they cannot be transmitted between, or be shared by, animals and humans. No natural animal or insect hosts or vectors are known to exist. While humans are the only natural hosts, some non-human primates can be experimentally infected for research purposes.
I the near future I shall write about Hepatitis B&C