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Important Questions on Machine Theory & Mechanisms

The document outlines important questions related to the Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, covering various units including kinematic pairs, mechanisms, belt drives, gears, cams, and gyroscopic effects. Each unit contains multiple questions that require explanations, calculations, and comparisons of different mechanical concepts. The questions are designed to test understanding of fundamental principles and applications in mechanical engineering.

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kapoorchoudhry6
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77 views5 pages

Important Questions on Machine Theory & Mechanisms

The document outlines important questions related to the Theory of Machines and Mechanisms, covering various units including kinematic pairs, mechanisms, belt drives, gears, cams, and gyroscopic effects. Each unit contains multiple questions that require explanations, calculations, and comparisons of different mechanical concepts. The questions are designed to test understanding of fundamental principles and applications in mechanical engineering.

Uploaded by

kapoorchoudhry6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Theory of machine & Mechanism (AU-309) Important Question (EX)

Unit-I

1. Explain the various inversions of a four bar chain and single slider crank mechanism.
2. Explain different kinds of kinematic pairs giving example for each of them .Explain the
term:
a) Lower Pair
b) Higher pair
c) Kinematic pair
3. Explain degree of freedom of kinematic chain. And determine the mobility (degree of
freedom) of mechanism shown in fig. (a) and (b) using kutzbach mobility criterion
classifies them.

4. Explain the term:


1) Successfully constraints motion.
2) Completely constraints motion.
3) Incompletely constraints motion.
5. Explain the various types of inversions & its types with neat sketch?
6. Explain the pantograph and straight line of motion?
7. Outline the machine and explain the various parts of machine or compare between
machines and structures.
8. Define the kinematics pair and constrained motion? And classify the kinematics pair with
suitable examples.
9. Discuss briefly the term used in Kinematics pairs?
10. Compare between machine and structure with suitable examples?
11. A crank and slotted lever mechanism used in a shaper has a centre distance of 300 mm
between the centre of oscillation of the slotted lever and the centre of rotation of the crank.
The radius of the crank is 120 mm. Find the ratio of the time of cutting to the time of
return stroke.
12. In a crank and slotted lever quick return motion mechanism, the distance between the fixed centres
is 230 mm and the length of the driving crank is 110 mm. Find the inclination of the slotted bar
with the vertical in the extreme position and the time ratio of cutting stroke to the return stroke. If
the length of the slotted bar is 440 mm, find the length of the stroke if the line of stroke passes
through the extreme positions of the free end of the lever.
13. The crank and connecting rod of a theoretical steam engine are 0.5 m and 2 m long
respectively. The crank makes 180 r.p.m. in the clockwise direction. When it has turned
45° from the inner dead centre position, determine:
1. velocity of piston,
2. angular velocity of connecting rod,
3. velocity of point E on the connecting rod 1.5 m from the gudgeon pin,
4. velocities of rubbing at the pins of the crank shaft, crank and crosshead when the
diameters of their pins are 50 mm, 60 mm and 30 mm respectively
14. The distance between two parallel shafts is 18 mm and they are connected by an Oldham's
coupling. The driving shaft revolves at 160 rpm. What will be the maximum speed of
sliding of the tongue of the intermediate piece along its groove? And illustrate the plane
motion and linear displacement.
15. A four bar mechanism has the following dimensions: DA = 300 mm; CB = AB = 360 mm;
DC = 600 mm. The link DC is fixed and the angle ADC is 60°. The driving link DA
rotates uniformly at a speed of 100 r.p.m. clockwise and the constant driving torque has
the magnitude of 50 N-m. Determine the velocity of the point B and angular velocity of
the driven link CB. Also find the actual mechanical advantage and the resisting torque if
the efficiency of the mechanism is 70 per cent.

Unit-II
1. Explain what you understand by ‘initial tension in the belt’?
2. Define briefly the effect of centrifugal tension on the power transmitted?
3. Compare between the rope drive and chain drive.
4. Explain briefly the velocity ratio of a belt drive?
5. Explain the Slip in belts?
6. Compare between the open belt and crossed belt drive.
7. What do you mean by the absolute and relative motion displacement?
8. Drive and explain the length of open belt drive and cross- belt drive.
9. Drive and expression with the help of ladled diagrams on Centrifugal tension in the belt.
10. Drive and explain with help of ladled diagrams on length of open belt drive and cross- belt
drive.
11. In the mechanism, as shown in Fig. , the crank O1A rotates at a speed of 60 r.p.m. in a
clockwise direction imparting vertical reciprocating motion to the rack R, by means of
toothed quadrant Q. O1 and O2 are fixed centres and the slotted bar BC and quadrant Q
are rocking on O2. Determine:
1. The linear speed of the rack when the crank makes an angle of 30° to the
horizontal.
2. The ratio of the times of lowering and raising the rack, and
3. The length of the stroke of the rack
12. A shaft which rotates at constant speed of 160 r. p. m. Is connected by a parallel shaft 720
mm. apart. This has to run at 60, 80, 100 r. p. m. The smallest pulley on the driving shaft
in 40 mm on the radius. Determine the radii of the two stop pulley for (a) Crass belt. (b)
Open bat. Neglect belt thickness and slip.
13. Find the power transmitted by a belt running over a pulley of 600 mm diameter at 200
r.p.m. The coefficient of friction between the belt and the pulley is 0.25, angle of lap 160°
and maximum tension in the belt is 2500 N.
14. The pulley 1-450 mm dia. & other 200 mm dia. are parallels Shaft and are connected by a
crossed belt. Find the length of the belt & angle of contact between the belt & each pulley.
What power can be transmitted by the belt when the larger pulley rotates? If the maximum
permissible tension in the belt is 1 KN. And the coefficient of friction is 0.5.

Unit-III
1. Explain briefly the length of path of contact and length of arc of contact?
2. Explain what do you understand by gears? List the different types of gears.
3. State the Law of Gearing?
4. How many types of classification of gears?
5. Illustrate the Termlogy of gears (term used in gears)
6. Calculate the center-to-center spacing for the 2 gears specified below.
Gear 1: 36 tooth, 24 Pd Drive Gear

Gear 2: 60 tooth, 24 Pd Driven Gear

7. Explain and Listed out the different types of gears?


8. Distinguish the Path of contact and Arc of contact.
9. Explain the Terms Used in Gears or Gears Fundamentals & terminology with the help of
ladled diagrams?
10. A pair of spur gears with in-volute teeth is to give a gear ratio of 4: 1. The arc of approach
is not to be less than the circular pitch and smaller wheel is the driver. The angle of
pressure is 14.5°. Find: 1. The least number of teeth that can be used on each wheel, and 2.
The addendum of the wheel in terms of the circular pitch?
11. A pair of gears, having 40 and 20 teeth respectively, are rotating in mesh, the speed of the
smaller being 2000 r.p.m. Determine the velocity of sliding between the gear teeth faces at
the point of engagement, at the pitch point, and at the point of disengagement if the
smaller gear is the driver. Assume that the gear teeth are 20° involute form, addendum
length is 5 mm and the module is 5 mm. Also find the angle through which the pinion
turns while any pairs of teeth are in contact.
12. Explain the Terms Used in Gears or Gears Fundamentals & terminology with the help of
ladled diagrams?
13. Pair of 20° full depth involute spur gears having 30 and 50 teeth respectively of module 4
mm is in mesh. The smaller gear rotates at 1000 r.p.m. Determine:
1. Sliding velocities at engagement and at disengagement of pair of a teeth,
2. Contact ratio.
3. Pitch angle.
14. In an epicyclic gear train, an arm carries two gears A and B having 36 and 45 teeth
respectively. If the arm rotates at 150 r. p.m. in the anticlockwise direction about the centre
of the gear A which is fixed, determine the speed of gear B. If the gear A instead of being
fixed makes 300 r. p.m. in the clockwise direction, what will be the speed of gear B?
15. A pair of gears, having 40 and 20 teeth respectively, are rotating in mesh, the speed of the
smaller being 2000 r.p.m. Determine the velocity of sliding between the gear teeth faces at
the point of engagement, at the pitch point, and at the point of disengagement if the
smaller gear is the driver. Assume that the gear teeth are 20° involute form, addendum
length is 5 mm and the module is 5 mm. Also find the angle through which the pinion
turns while any pairs of teeth are in contact.

Unit-IV
1. Explain briefly cam and follower? And how the cam size is defined?
2. Discuss various types of cams and followers?
3. Draw a cam profile and explain cam terminology for radial cam.
4. Discuss various types of cams and followers with suitable diagram?
5. Discuss Radius of Curvature of cams and followers?
6. Explain the Classification of Cams and Followers.
7. Explain briefly the term used in cam?
8. Discuss various types of cams and followers with suitable diagram?
9. A cam drives a flat reciprocating follower in the following manner: During first 120°
rotation of the cam, follower moves outwards through a distance of 20 mm with simple
harmonic motion. The follower dwells during next 30° of cam rotation. During next 120°
of cam rotation, the follower moves inwards with simple harmonic motion. The follower
dwells for the next 90° of cam rotation. The minimum radius of the cam is 25 mm. Draw
the profile of the cam.
10. A cam is to give the following motion to a knife-edged follower:
1. Outstroke during 60° of cam rotation;
2. Dwell for the next 30° of cam rotation;
3. Return stroke during next 60° of cam rotation, and
4. Dwell for the remaining 210° of cam rotation.
The stroke of the follower is 40 mm and the minimum radius of the cam is 50 mm. The follower
moves with uniform velocity during both the outstroke and return strokes. Draw the profile of the
cam when (a) the axis of the follower passes through the axis of the cam shaft, and (b) the axis of
the follower is offset by 20 mm from the axis of the cam shaft.

11. A cam drives a flat reciprocating follower in the following manner: During first 140°
rotation of the cam, follower moves outwards through a distance of 30 mm with simple
harmonic motion. The follower dwells during next 60° of cam rotation. During next 130°
of cam rotation, the follower moves inwards with simple harmonic motion. The follower
dwells for the next 110° of cam rotation. The minimum radius of the cam is 30 mm. Draw
the profile of the cam.
12. Explain the terminology of Cams and Followers with the help of ladled diagrams?
13. The gearing of a machine tool is shown in Fig. The motor shaft is connected to gear A and
rotates at 975 r.p.m. The gear wheels B, C, D and E are fixed to parallel shafts rotating
together. The final gear F is fixed on the output shaft. What is the speed of gear F? The
number of teeth on each gear are as given below
Gear ABC DE F
No. of teeth 20 50 25 75 26 65
Unit-V
1. Define the gyroscopic couple? And derive a formula for its magnitude.
2. Explain the application of gyroscopic principles to aircraft’s.
3. Explain briefly the term used in gyroscopic couple?
4. Explain the application of gyroscopic couple?
5. Compare between the two and four Wheel Vehicles.
6. Drive and expression with the help of ladled diagrams on Effect of Gyroscopic Couple on
a Naval Ship during Pitching?
7. A uniform disc of diameter 300 mm and of mass 5 kg is mounted on one end of an arm of
length 600 mm. The other end of the arm is free to rotate in a universal bearing. If the disc
rotates about the arm with a speed of 300r.p.m. clockwise, looking from the front, with
what speed will it precess about the vertical axis?
8. A ship propelled by a turbine rotor which has a mass of 5 tonnes and a speed of 2100r.p.m.
The rotor has a radius of gyration of 0.5 m and rotates in a clockwise direction when
viewed from the stern. Find the gyroscopic effects in the following conditions:
1. The ship sails at a speed of 30 km/h and steers to the left in a curve having 60 m
radius.
2. The ship pitches 6 degree above and 6 degree below the horizontal position. The bow
is descending with its maximum velocity. The motion due to pitching is simple
harmonic and the periodic time is 20 seconds.
3. The ship rolls and at a certain instant it has an angular velocity of 0.03 rad/s clockwise
when viewed from stern.
Determine also the maximum angular acceleration during pitching. Explain how the direction of
motion due to gyroscopic effect is determined in each case.
The turbine rotor of a ship has a mass of 2000 kg and rotates at a speed of 3000r.p.m. clockwise
when looking from a stern. The radius of gyration of the rotor is 0.5 m.
9. Determine the gyroscopic couple and its effects upon the ship when the ship is steering to
the right in a curve of 100 m radius at a speed of 16.1 knots (1 knot = 1855 m/hr).
Calculate also the torque and its effects when the ship is pitching in simple harmonic
motion, the bow falling with its maximum velocity. The period of pitching is 50 seconds
and the total angular displacement between the two extreme positions of pitching is 12°.
Find the maximum acceleration during pitching motion.
10. The heavy turbine rotor of a sea vessel rotates at 1500 r.p.m. clockwise looking from the
stern, its mass being 750 kg. The vessel pitches with an angular velocity of 1 rad/s.
Determine the gyroscopic couple transmitted to the hull when bow is rising, if the radius
of gyration for the rotor is 250 mm. Also show in what direction the couple acts on the
hull?
11. An engine shaft running at 120 r.p.m. is required to drive a machine shaft by means of a
belt. The pulley on the engine shaft is of 2 m diameter and that of the machine shaft is 1 m
diameter. If the belt thickness is 5 mm; determine the speed of the machine shaft, when 1.
There is no slip; and 2. There is a slip of 3%.

Common questions

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Machines perform specific tasks or operations through mechanical movements and mechanisms, often powered or automated, such as engines or pumps. Structures, however, are designed primarily to support loads, sustain forces, or provide shelter without performing a mechanical task, like bridges or buildings. For example, an engine transforms energy into motion (machine), whereas a bridge supports weight and provides passage (structure).

Kutzbach’s criterion calculates the degree of freedom (mobility) of a kinematic chain using the formula M = 3(n-1) - 2j - h, where n is the number of links, j is the number of joints, and h is the number of higher pairs. This formula helps predict the movement variety a mechanism can exhibit. For example, in a planar four-bar linkage, knowing these parameters allows engineers to design mechanisms with precise motion capabilities .

Centrifugal tension arises from the belt's rotational movement around pulleys and increases with its speed, reducing the effective tension that can transmit power. This component subtracts from the maximum permissible belt tension, impacting design by necessitating compensations to maintain power efficiency. Designers must thus consider speed limits or increased belt tension to offset centrifugal effects .

A gyroscopic couple arises due to the spinning rotor, like a ship's turbine, creating a moment that opposes the ship's change in orientation. This effect plays a critical role in a vessel's navigation as sudden directional changes or sea conditions can induce significant gyroscopic changes, threatening stability. Understanding these forces allows designers to incorporate stabilizing systems like gyroscopic stabilizers, enhancing navigational control .

Centrifugal tension reduces belt tension available for transmitting power by adding internal tension from belt rotation. This reduces the system's power transmission efficiency, especially at high speeds. Minimizing it involves optimizing belt speed, increasing belt mass, or reducing radius effectively lessening excess tension impact .

Open belt drives have pulleys rotating in the same direction, suitable for longer distances and lower tension applications. In contrast, crossed belts result in opposite pulley direction, increasing frictional grip but limiting speed and causing quicker belt wear. These differences impact their suitability for various mechanical tasks, necessitating trade-offs based on operational requirements .

Cams are rotating or sliding pieces operating in concert with followers to covert rotary motion into linear or curvilinear motion. The cam determines the motion profile, while the follower transmits movement derived from the cam's geometry. This interaction enables varied mechanical tasks without direct linkages, vital for complex machines like engines where timing and precision are crucial .

Lower pairs have surface contact between their elements and allow constrained relative motion, such as revolute joints in hinges. Higher pairs involve point or line contact, allowing less freedom like cam surfaces sliding against followers. These distinctions affect how engineers design systems requiring specific motions or constraints .

Degrees of freedom (DOF) defines the independency of motions a mechanism can perform, vital in designing mechanisms with required precision and capability, such as robotic arms needing exact spatial positioning. Higher DOF allows greater spatial reach and complex task execution, critical for applications in automated environments where flexibility and accuracy are essential .

Gyroscopic couples create forces that resist the directional change of a turning ship, potentially destabilizing it during sharp turns. Pilots can compensate for these forces by adjusting steering techniques, using stabilizers, or modifying speed to minimize impact. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for maintaining course stability and ensuring passenger safety .

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