V.
AJAY KUMAR
[Link]-11K41A04H3
INTRODUCTION
AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION SYSTEMS INCLUDE
1.
VHF OMNIDIRECTIONAL RANGE (VOR)
2.
INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS)
3.
DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT (DME)
4.
AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDERS (ADF)
5.
DOPPLER NAVIGATION SYSTEM
6.
INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM
VHF OMNIRANGE SYSTEM
1. Electronic navigation system.
2. It produces 360 usable radials or courses ,any one of which is
radial path connected to the station.
3. Operation is in the vhf portion of the radio spectrum.
4. Frequency range 108 MHz-117.95 MHz
VHF OMNIRANGE (V0R)
VOR RECEIVING SYSTEMS CONSIST OF
A receiver
Visual indicator
Antennas
A power supply
Frequency selector: used to tune receiver
To selected VOR ground station
Info from the VOR receiver is displayed on the cdi (course
deviation indicator).
WORKING OF VOR
Info from the VOR receiver is displayed on
the CDI (Course Deviation Indicator).
The vertical needle is used as the course
indicator.
Vertical needle also indicates when the
aircraft deviates from the course and
The direction of the aircraft must be turned
to attain the desired course.
WORKING OF VOR THROUGH CDI
To-from indicator presents the direction to or from
the station along the omni radial.
When the localizer signals are selected on the
receiver ,the indicator shows the position of the
localizer beam relative to the aircraft and the
direction the aircraft must be turned to intercept the
localizer.
During VOR operation the VOR radial to be used is
selected by rotating the OBS (omni-bearing selector).
OBS is graduated in degrees from 0 to 360.
INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM (ILS)
Operates in the VHF portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum
System consists of a runaway localizer, a glide slope
signal, and marker beacons for position location
Localizer equipment produces a radio course aligned
with the centre of an airport runaway. The on course
signals result from the equal reception of two signals
Blue sector(150 Hz) and yellow sector(90 Hz)
GLIDE SLOPE INFORMATION
The glide slope : assists pilot in making the correct angle of descent
Glide slope signals are radiated from two antennas located adjacent to the
touchdown point of the runway.
Info from both localizer and glide slope receivers is presented to the CDI
THE COURSE DEVIATION INDICATOR:
The vertical needle: localizer information
Horizontal needle : Glide slope information
When both needles are centered, the aircraft is on course
and descending at the proper rate
MARKER BEACONS
In connection with the instrument landing system.
signals which indicate the position of the aircraft
along the approach to the runway
Three markers are used in each installation:
Outer marker - the beginning of the approach path is modulated by a 400 HZ
signal, a tone keyed in long dashes
Middle marker: 3500 ft from the end of the runway is modulated at 1300 Hz,
a higher-pitched tone keyed with alternate dots and dashes
DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT(DME)
Constant visual indication of the distance the aircraft
is from a ground station
NOT a true indication of point to point distance as
measured over the ground
Indicates the slant range between the aircraft and
the ground station
WORKING OF DME
o Transceiver transmits a pair of spaced pulses to the ground
station
o Ground station responds with a pulse transmission on a separate
frequency to send a reply to the aircraft
o Time elapsed is time between the challenges and are measured
o Time travel is the distance separating plane and station.
o Distance is indicated in nautical miles by a cockpit instrument
Transmitting frequencies are in 2 groups
1. 962 MHz to 1024 MHz
2. 1151 MHz to 1212 MHz
Receiving frequency is between 1025 to 1149 MHz
o Aircrafts DME transceiver is tuned to the selected DME
ground station
AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDERS
Radio receivers equipped with directional antennas
Used to determine the direction from which signal are received
Provide controls for manual operation in addition to automatic
direction finding.
Provide a means of fixing the position with reasonable accuracy.
Operates in low and medium frequency spectra 190 kHz
through 1750 kHz.
Consists of
Receiver, Loop antenna,
Sense or non-directional antenna,
Indicator and control unit.
Loop antenna rotates through 360 degrees
Receives Max signal strength: In parallel position with the
direction of the transmitted signal
Reaches the Min when perpendicular to the transmitted
signal position of the loop, is called the null position
Null position of the loop is used for direction finding
Two null positions exist (180 degrees apart)
Loop antenna cannot differentiate, require sense
antenna
Signal strength of the sense antenna is superimposed
with the null antenna
Only one null position of the loop
DOPPLER NAVIGATION SYSTEM
Automatically
and
continuously
computes
and
displays ground speed and drift angle of an aircraft
without the aid of ground stations, wind estimates or
true air speed data.
Does not sense direction as search radar does.
Uses continuous carrier wave transmission energy and
determines the forward and lateral velocity component
of the air craft by utilizing the principle known as
DOPPLER EFFECT.
INERTIAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM
Used on large aircraft as a long range navigation aid
Self-contained system; DOES NOT require any signal inputs from
ground navigational facilities
Derives altitude, velocity, and heading information from measurement
of the aircrafts accelerations
Two accelerometers are required, one referenced towards east and
other towards north.
The accelerometers are mounted on a gyro stabilized unit, called the
stable platform
Averts the introduction of errors resulting from the acceleration due to
gravity.
An inertial navigation system is a complex containing four basic
components :
A stable platform which is oriented to maintain accelerometers
horizontal to the earths surface.
Accelerometers arranged on the platform to supply specific
components of acceleration
Integrators which receive the output from the accelerometers and
furnish velocity and distance.
A computer which receives signals from the integrators and changes
distance travelled to position in selected coordinates.
RADIO ALTIMETER
Measures the distance from the aircraft to the ground
Accomplished by transmitting radio frequency energy to
the ground and receiving the reflected energy at the
aircraft
Modern Day: Pulse Type
Altitude determined by measuring time required
for transmitted pulse to hit ground and return.
Indicating instrument gives true altitude of aircraft
Used during landing to determine decision
whether to continue to land or execute climb-out
THANK YOU
